Which of the following would represent "constructive arrest"?

Constructive arrest refers to a situation where an individual is not physically restrained or taken into custody in the traditional sense, yet their freedom of movement is effectively restricted by law enforcement or security personnel. This usually involves actions that communicate to the individual that they are not free to leave or that they must comply with certain directives, even without the use of physical force.

Using no physical force or weapons to arrest a person can still lead to constructive arrest if the individual perceives that they are being held or coerced by authority. For instance, if a security guard makes it clear through their presence, authority, or verbal commands that a person must stay in a location or cannot leave, this constitutes a constructive arrest. The individual may feel compelled to comply due to the authority's apparent control over the situation, even if there is no physical touching involved.

This understanding is crucial in various scenarios involving detainment and the legal implications that arise from those interactions. It emphasizes that the perception of coercion or authority can lead to effective restrictions on a person's freedom, distinct from traditional methods of arrest that involve direct physical control.